Evidence on Nepal’s electricity system
Nepal builds more hydropower every year, yet still imports electricity every winter. This wiki explains why, page by page, with every figure traced to its source and every claim given a confidence rating.
Start here · Read the argument · State of the system · Explore the map
Why does Nepal import power in winter?
Most plants run with the river and there is very little storage, so output falls with dry-season flows while demand does not.
Who controls the grid?
The Nepal Electricity Authority dispatches the grid, buys most of the electricity and administers contract penalties, while also owning power plants that compete with the producers it judges.
What should change?
The constraints are ranked, and the options are compared with the evidence each one still needs.
Analysis 23
Argued, sourced pages that explain how the system works and where it fails.
- Bhotekoshi–Trishuli Flood 2026
- Bottleneck Hierarchy
- Climate Resilience and Decarbonization
- Decision Dossiers and Policy Options
- Demand and Electrification
- Distribution and Reliability
- Downstream River Geopolitics
- Environmental and Social Impacts
- Evidence Review Notes
- Film Evidence: Nepal Has Hydropower. Why Isn't It Enough?
- Institutions, Finance and Project Delivery
- IPSDP 2025 vs Wiki Claims
- Master Thesis
- Nepal Energy Wiki
- Nepal's Hydropower System
- Solar in Nepal's Electricity System
- Solar in the Master Narrative
- Solar's Role in the Winter Deficit
- State of Nepal's Electricity System
- Storage and System Flexibility
- Transmission and Cross-Border Electricity Trade
- Twenty-Year Strategy
- Unresolved Questions
Claims 16
Single governed statements with a confidence rating, evidence and caveats.
- Climate Change Increases Volatility and Resilience Risk, Not a Simple "More Water" Win
- Floating PV Is a Leverage Play, Not a Core Supply Pillar
- Governance Weakness Wastes Hydro Opportunity Through Delays and Misaligned Incentives
- India Is the Decisive External Actor in Nepal's Hydro Future
- Installed MW, Energy, Seasonality, and Firm Power Are Routinely Conflated
- NEA Solar Award Tariffs Undercut the Standard Small-RoR Blended Tariff
- Nepal Fails on Conversion of Hydrological Advantage Into Deliverable Power
- Nepal Should Prioritize Domestic-Led Hydro With Export Support
- Nepal's Core Hydro Problem Is Timing, Not Annual Volume
- Operating Fleet Is Overwhelmingly RoR/PRoR, Not True Storage
- PRoR Is Not Seasonal Storage
- Sediment Is a Central Design and Economics Constraint, Not an O&M Footnote
- Solar's Durable Political Coalition Is Rural and Distributed, Not Just Utility-Scale
- Storage Is the Clearest Physical Answer to Seasonal Mismatch
- Substation-Adjacent Solar Can Offer a Shorter Development Cycle
- Transmission and Delivery Are Material Immediate Monetization Constraints
Explainers 46
Plain-language definitions of the ideas the analysis depends on.
- Agrivoltaics and Land
- Availability-Declaration Penalties
- Bay Of Bengal Terminal
- Bihar Ganges Trunk Zone
- Buildability
- Consumption Trajectory Outlook
- Domestic-Led Hydro Strategy
- Eastern UP Ghaghara-Gandak Belt
- Energy Substitution Pathway
- Environmental Flow Policy
- Firm Power
- Gandak-Ganges Merge
- Ganges-Padma Transition
- Ghaghara-Ganges Merge
- GLOF Risk
- Green Hydrogen Nepal
- How To Read The Geopolitics Map
- Hybrid Siting Logic
- Hydro Insurance
- Hydro-Geopolitics
- Hydropower Potential Categories
- IPO Hydropower Bailout
- Kosi-Ganges Merge
- Lower Delta And Bay Interface
- Mahakali/Sharda Handoff
- NEA Triple-Authority Conflict
- Nepal Power Trade Schemes
- Nepal's Contribution to the Ganges
- North Bihar Kosi-Gandak Floodplain
- Padma-Meghna Delta
- Padma-Meghna Delta Dependency
- Peak Water
- PPA Pricing
- Project Roadmap
- Q-Design Discharge
- Rooftop, Mini-Grid, and Off-Grid Solar
- Run-of-River Hydropower
- Seasonal Arbitrage Trap
- Seasonal Mismatch
- Sediment as Design Constraint
- Solar LCOE Crossover
- Solar Resource Geography of Nepal
- Solar–Hydro Complementarity
- Storage Deficit
- Stranded Generation
- Wiki Page Maturity
Policy options 5
Decision dossiers that compare what could be done and what evidence is missing.
- Decision Dossier — Climate-Risk Requirements in Hydropower Studies
- Decision Dossier — Electric-Cooking Evidence Gate and Pilot
- Decision Dossier — Hetauda–Dhalkebar Completion and Community Resolution
- Decision Dossier — Hydropower Securities Disclosure
- Decision Dossier — Power-System Role Separation and Open Access
Projects & places 187
Records for hydropower projects, transmission lines, rivers, basins and institutions.
- Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC)
- Andhi Khola
- Ankhu Khola
- Arun 3
- Bagmati Nadi
- Balephi
- Barahi Hydropower
- Bel Chautara Solar Farm Project
- Betan Karnali HP
- Bheri 4
- Bheri Corridor 400 kV Transmission Line
- Bheri-1 HEP
- Bheri-2 HEP
- Bhutan Hydropower Model
- Bidur / Trishuli 25 MWp Solar Farm
- Bishnu Priya Solar Farm (Surya Power, ~1 MWp)
- Budhi Gandaki Kha HEP
- Budhi Gandaki Prok Khola HEP
- Budhigandaki Hydroelectric Project
- Butwal Solar (Ridi Hydropower Development, 8.5 MWp)
- Chainpur Seti
- Chameliya Hydropower
- Chameliya-Syaule-Attariya 132 kV Line
- Chameliya–Jauljibi 220 kV Cross-Border Interconnection
- Chandranigahpur Solar Project
- Chera-1
- Chilime
- Chilime-Trishuli 220 kV Transmission Line
- Damak–Godak–Phidim 132 kV Corridor
- Dana–Kushma–New Butwal 220 kV Corridor
- DDB Saurya Vidyut Aayojana
- Dhalkebar–Muzaffarpur 400 kV Cross-Border Interconnection
- Dharamnagar Solar Farm Project
- Dharamnagar Solar Farm Project - II Kapilbastu
- Dhungesanghu–Basantapur 220/132 kV Corridor
- Dordi Khola
- Dudhkoshi Storage Hydroelectric Project
- Durbang Myagdi Khola
- Gandaki Basin
- Gorakhpur–New Butwal 400 kV Cross-Border Interconnection
- Grid Connected Solar Project, Shivasatakshi Jhapa
- Grid Connected Solar PV Project, Ramgram
- Grid-Connected Solar Power Project, Dhalkebar 33 kV S/S
- Hetauda–Bharatpur–Bardaghat 220 kV Corridor
- Hetauda–Dhalkebar–Inaruwa 400 kV Backbone
- Humla Karnali 1 HPP
- Humla Karnali 2 HPP
- Inaruwa–Purnea 400 kV Cross-Border Interconnection
- India — Energy Relationship with Nepal
- Jagdulla HEP
- Jira Bhawani Sedawa PV Project
- Kabeli / Godak-Soyak-Amarpur 132 kV Corridor
- Kabeli B - 1
- Kabeli-A
- Kali Gandaki A
- Kali Gandaki Kowan
- Kaligandaki Upper
- Karnali Basin
- Karnali Chisapani Project
- Karnali Solar Energy Project
- Kasuwa Khola HPP
- Kataiya–Kushaha 132 kV Cross-Border Interconnection
- Kathmandu Valley Underground Cabling
- Khani Khola - 1
- Khani Khola (Dolakha)
- Khare Hydropower Project
- Khimti -I
- Khimti Cascade
- Khimti II
- Khimti–Dhalkebar 220 kV Hydropower Corridor
- Khudi 220/132 kV Substation
- Khungri Solar Award (50 MW, Rolpa)
- Kimathanka Arun HEP
- Kohalpur-Surkhet-Dailekh 132 kV Grid Reach
- Kokhajor-1
- Koshi Basin
- Kulekhani Cascade
- Kulekhani I
- Kulekhani II
- Kulekhani III
- Lantang Khola Reservoir Hydropower Project
- Lapche Khola
- Likhu -1
- Likhu -2
- Likhu Cascade
- Likhu Khola 'A
- Likhu-4
- Lower Badigad
- Lower Hewa
- Lower Jhimruk
- Lower Likhu
- Lower Modi Khola
- Lower Solu Hydropower Project
- Madhya Bhotekoshi
- Madhya Marsyangdi
- Madi
- Mahakali Basin
- Mai
- Main Load Dispatch Centre
- Markichowk 220/132 kV Substation
- Marsyangdi
- Marsyangdi Besi
- Marsyangdi Corridor Manang-Khudi-Udipur 220 kV
- MCA Central 400 kV Corridor (Lapsiphedi–Ratmate–Hetauda–Damauli–Butwal)
- Mewa Khola Hydropower Project
- Middle Tamor
- Mithila Solar PV Electric Project (Eco Power, 10 MWp)
- Mristi Khola
- Mugu Karnali Storage HEP
- Mustang / Trans-Himalayan High-Altitude Solar Zone
- Nalsyau Gad
- Naumure (W. Rapti)
- Nawalpur 132 kV Substation
- NEA 960 MW National Solar Tender
- NEA Solar Programme
- Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA)
- Nepal Energy Profile
- Nepal–Bangladesh Electricity Trade Route
- Nepal–India Electricity Transmission and Trade Project (NIETTP)
- New Modi–Lekhnath 132 kV Transmission Line
- Nilgiri Khola
- Nyadi Khola
- Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project
- Phukot Karnali
- Purbi Chitwan 132 kV Substation
- Rahughat
- Rahughat Mangale
- Rasuwa Bhotekoshi
- Rasuwagadhi
- Ratmate–Rasuwagadhi–Kerung 400 kV Transmission Line
- Sahas Urja — Solu Khola (Dudh Koshi) Hydroelectric Project
- Sanima Mai
- Sanjen
- Sanjen Khola
- Singati Khola Hydropower Project
- Solar Energy
- Solar Power Project, Dhalkebar 11 kV S/S
- Solar Power Project, Simara 11 kV S/S
- Solar PV Pratappur
- Solar PV Project Banke, block-2
- Solar PV Project, Raniyapur, Block 1
- Solu Corridor Tingla-Mirchaiya 132 kV
- Solu Hydropower Project
- Som Radha Krishna Solar Farm Project
- Sun Koshi No.3
- Super Dordi Kha Hydropower Project
- Super Madi
- Super Mai Hydropower Project
- Super Mai-A HPP
- Super Nyadi Hydropower Project
- Super Tamor
- Super Trishuli
- Surke Dudhkoshi HEP
- Tamakoshi 3
- Tamakoshi V
- Tamor Storage
- Tanahu Hydropower Project
- Tingla 132/33 kV Substation
- Trishuli
- Trishuli Cascade
- Trishuli Galchhi
- Udipur-Damauli-Bharatpur 220 kV Reinforcement
- Upper Arun Hydroelectric Project
- Upper Balephi A
- Upper Bhotekoshi
- Upper Budhigandaki HEP
- Upper Chaku A
- Upper Dordi A HEP
- Upper Kalangad
- Upper Karnali
- Upper Khudi
- Upper Lapche Khola
- Upper Madi
- Upper Marsyangdi A
- Upper Modi A
- Upper Myagdi
- Upper Nyasim Khola
- Upper Tamakoshi
- Upper Tamor
- Upper Trishuli 3A
- Upper Trishuli 3B
- Upper Trishuli-1
- Utility Scale Solar PV, Grid Connected Solar Project, Morang
- Uttarganga Storage Hydropower Project
- Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
- West Seti Hydroelectric Project
- Western Nepal 132 kV Backbone
Data 63
Datasets, map layers and indicators, with their limits.
- Agricultural Energy Consumption
- Basin Discharge Data
- Data Pipeline Readme
- Domestic Electricity Demand Distribution
- Electricity Consumption Geographic Distribution
- Electricity System Evidence Gaps
- Electricity System Indicator Register
- Electricity Trade Time Series
- Figure Index
- Hydropower Fleet Composition
- Hydropower Potential Pyramid
- Industrial Electricity Consumers in Nepal
- Internal Data: Source Trace Fragments
- Internal Data: Transmission Topology Nodes
- Internal Data: Transmission Trace Gaps
- IPSDP Milestone Ladder 2022-2040
- Layer: Basin Seasonality
- Layer: Carto Positron Basemap
- Layer: Context Corridor Sketch
- Layer: Cross-Border Gateways
- Layer: Cross-Border Links
- Layer: Downstream Dependency Zones
- Layer: Downstream Impact Markers
- Layer: Downstream Population Anchors
- Layer: Floating PV Candidates
- Layer: Future Regulation Scenario
- Layer: Grid Hubs and Substations
- Layer: Hydropower - Construction
- Layer: Hydropower - Operating
- Layer: Hydropower - Survey/Study
- Layer: India Comparison Basins
- Layer: India Comparison Rivers
- Layer: Major Transmission Network
- Layer: Map Text Labels
- Layer: Nepal Tributaries (HydroRIVERS)
- Layer: Nepal-Linked Basin Polygons
- Layer: Nepal-Origin Downstream Systems
- Layer: Nepal-Origin Route Callouts
- Layer: Nepal-Origin Routes To Ocean
- Layer: Origin / Control Callouts
- Layer: Priority Watchlist
- Layer: Satellite Basemap
- Layer: Solar GHI Zones
- Layer: Solar Plants + NEA 960 MW Awards
- Layer: Solar Strategic Suitability
- Layer: Storage Shortlist
- Layer: Top-10 Capacity Projects
- Layer: Topographic Basemap
- Layer: Transmission Labels
- Map Inventory
- Map Layer Labels
- Mountain Hydro System Comparison
- NEA Substation Capacity FY 2076/77
- NEA Transmission Length FY 2076/77
- Nepal Final Energy Mix
- Nepal Peak Load Curve FY 2024/25
- Nepal Solar Resource Zones
- Rooftop and Solar Home System Deployment
- Solar and Hydro LCOE
- Solar Fleet Inventory
- Solar–Hydro Complementarity Profile
- Storage Capacity Comparison
- Winter Deficit Model
Sources 89
Notes on the documents behind the wiki: what each provides and how far it can be trusted.
- AD Penalty Clause in Nepal's PPA — Research Compilation
- ADB Hydropower Growth Nepal Study
- ADB Tanahu Hydropower Project Documents (2026)
- AEPC Renewable Framework and Progress Reports
- AIIB Dudhkoshi Storage Hydroelectric Project Summary (2026)
- Arun-3 Project Status & PDA Summary (2025)
- Budhigandaki Jalbidhyut Company Project Record and Notices (2026)
- CARE Ratings Nepal — Sanima Mai Hydropower Credit Assessments
- Chilime Hydropower Company Limited Annual Report FY 2078/79
- Clickmandu — Sahas Urja Financial Reporting
- DoED Licensing Directive 2075 — Hydropower Project Licensing
- DoED Power Plants: Solar Table
- Dudhkoshi Storage — NEA Proposal & Feasibility Record
- EIB Promotion of Solar Energy in Rural and Semi-Urban Regions II
- ERC Open Access Directive 2082
- ERC Reservoir-Based Generating Station Electricity Purchase and Sale Directive 2082
- ERC/ECA Discussion Paper on Storage Hydro PPA Pricing (2025)
- Global Solar Atlas (Nepal coverage)
- Green Hydrogen Roadmap for Nepal
- Himalayan Capital — Sahas Urja Analysis
- ICIMOD HKH Glacier Change Summary
- ICIMOD Koshi Basin Programme
- ICIMOD Threats to the Koshi River Basin
- ICRA GMR Energy Rating Rationale — Upper Karnali (June 2026)
- ICRA Nepal — Surveillance Rating A996/B119
- IEA / Tracking SDG7 Energy Progress Report 2025
- India Cross-Border Trade in Electricity Guidelines (2018)
- Investigative Report: PPA Data Retrieval from ICRA & CARE Ratings Nepal
- IRENA Renewable Readiness Assessment and REmap Nepal
- JICA IPSDP Final Report Annexes (Vol. 2)
- Kali Gandaki A — ADB Performance Evaluation & Wikipedia
- Kathmandu Post — Chameliya Hydropower Coverage
- Kathmandu Post — Flood damage to Nepal's hydropower sector could run into billions (2026)
- Kathmandu Post — Hundreds feared trapped in hydropower tunnels after Bhotekoshi flood (2026)
- Kathmandu Post — New barrier lake in Nepal raises fresh flood threat, China warns (2026)
- Kathmandu Post / NDRRMA — Death toll from Bhotekoshi flood reaches 734 (2026)
- Khimti-I Project Research — PPA, Generation, Finance, Ownership
- Likhu Cascade Research Compilation
- Mission 1: Sahas Urja (Solu Khola, 86 MW) — Benchmark IPP Success
- MoEWRI IPSDP Executive Summary
- Mugu Karnali Storage — Feasibility, Bids & EOI Record (2024–2025)
- My Republica — PAC Chameliya Investigation
- National Water Plan, Nepal
- NDRRMA Rasuwa Glacial Flood Situation Report 1 (2025)
- NEA Annual Report FY 2024/25
- NEA Annual Report FY 2025/26
- NEA Engineering Company Annual Report FY 2081/82
- NEA Generation Directorate Data — FY 2080/81
- NEA Hetauda–Dhalkebar Construction Notices, July 2026
- NEA Notice of Intent to Award Solar Projects (2024)
- NEA Operational-Reporting Portals (2026)
- NEA Standard Hydropower PPA Clauses — AD Penalty, Reserve Margin, and Curtailment
- NEA Transmission Annual Book 2077
- NEFPORT Protected-Area Hydropower Ruling Estimate (2025)
- Nepal Nationally Determined Contribution 3.0 (2025)
- Nepal Transmission System — 400 kV Landscape & Cross-Border Plan (2025)
- Pancheshwar Official Project Records — Nepal and India
- POWERGRID FY 2024/25 — Gorakhpur–New Butwal Joint Venture Record
- Reuters — Climate change boosted risk of devastating Himalayan flood, experts say (2026)
- Sahas Urja — Progress Report W010
- Sangroula/NTNU Kulekhani Reservoir Bathymetry and Sedimentation Studies
- SEBON Hydropower Offering Records (Selected Issuers, 2018–2025)
- SJVN Arun III HEP Project Record
- Systemic Risk and Triple-Authority Research Compilation (2026)
- Tanahu Hydropower Progress Update (April 2026)
- Tanahu Hydropower Project Status (ADB, 2024–2026)
- Thame Valley GLOF 2024 — Causes, Impacts and Future Risks
- UAHEL Upper Arun Hydroelectric Project Page
- UKHLL Annual Reports — Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Limited
- UKHLL Financials and Generation Data — FY 2079/80 to FY 2081/82
- Upper Karnali — PDA, Financial Closure & Court Record
- Upper Karnali Official Records — IBN and DoED (2022–2026)
- Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Limited Disclosures (2026)
- Urja Khabar Generation Audit — IPP Generation vs Contracted
- VUCL Mugu Karnali Storage HEP Project Page
- WECS Assessment of Hydropower Potential of Nepal (2019)
- WECS Energy Sector Synopsis Report 2024
- WECS River Basin Plans and Hydropower Development Master Plan (2024)
- WECS/DHM Methodology — Hydrological Estimation for Ungauged Locations (1990)
- World Bank Dispute Resolution Agreement — Bharatpur–Bardaghat, 2023
- World Bank Economics of Household Cooking Using Electricity in Nepal
- World Bank ESMAP Nepal Solar and Wind Resource Measurement
- World Bank Ganges Strategic Basin Assessment
- World Bank Grid Solar and Energy Efficiency Project
- World Bank Nepal Country Economic Memorandum (2025)
- World Bank Nepal Power-Sector Evidence Record (2018–2025)
- World Bank Nepal Water Sector Diagnostic
- World Bank NIETTP Hetauda–Dhalkebar–Inaruwa Resettlement Action Plan
- World Bank NIETTP Load-Shedding GDP-Cost Estimate